GRANT
    priv_type [(column_list)]
      [, priv_type [(column_list)]] ...
    ON priv_level
    TO user [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']
        [, user [IDENTIFIED BY [PASSWORD] 'password']] ...
    [REQUIRE {NONE | ssl_option [[AND] ssl_option] ...}]
    [WITH with_option ...]

priv_level:
    *
  | *.*
  | db_name.*
  | db_name.tbl_name
  | tbl_name

ssl_option:
    SSL
  | X509
  | CIPHER 'cipher'
  | ISSUER 'issuer'
  | SUBJECT 'subject'

with_option =
    GRANT OPTION
  | MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count
  | MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count
  | MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count

The GRANT statement enables system administrators to create MySQL user accounts and to grant rights to accounts. To use GRANT, you must have the GRANT OPTION privilege, and you must have the privileges that you are granting. GRANT is implemented in MySQL 3.22.11 or later. For earlier MySQL versions, it does nothing. The REVOKE statement is related and enables administrators to remove account privileges. To determine what privileges an account has, use SHOW GRANTS. See Section 12.4.1.3, “REVOKE Syntax”, and Section 12.4.5.12, “SHOW GRANTS Syntax”.

MySQL Enterprise.  For automated notification of users with inappropriate privileges, subscribe to the MySQL Enterprise Monitor. For more information, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

The following table summarizes the allowable priv_type privilege types that can be specified for the GRANT and REVOKE statements. For additional information about these privileges, see Section 5.5.1, “Privileges Provided by MySQL”.

The CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, EXECUTE, LOCK TABLES, REPLICATION CLIENT, REPLICATION SLAVE, SHOW DATABASES, and SUPER privileges were added in MySQL 4.0.2. To use these privileges when upgrading from an earlier version of MySQL that does not have them, you must first upgrade the grant tables. See Section 4.4.5, “mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables”.

The REFERENCES and EXECUTE privileges are unused in MySQL versions up to and including the 4.1 release series.

In older MySQL versions that do not have the SUPER privilege, specify the PROCESS privilege instead.

In GRANT statements, the ALL [PRIVILEGES] privilege is named by itself and cannot be specified along with other privileges. It stands for all privileges available for the level at which privileges are to be granted except for the GRANT OPTION privilege.

USAGE can be specified when you want to create a user that has no privileges, or to specify the REQUIRE or WITH clauses for an account without changing its existing privileges.

MySQL account information is stored in the tables of the mysql database. This database and the access control system are discussed extensively in Chapter 5, MySQL Server Administration, which you should consult for additional details.

If the grant tables hold privilege rows that contain mixed-case database or table names and the lower_case_table_names system variable is set to a nonzero value, REVOKE cannot be used to revoke these privileges. It will be necessary to manipulate the grant tables directly. (GRANT will not create such rows when lower_case_table_names is set, but such rows might have been created prior to setting the variable.)

Privileges can be granted at several levels, depending on the syntax used for the ON clause. For REVOKE, the same ON syntax specifies which privileges to take away. The examples shown here include no IDENTIFIED BY 'password' clause for brevity, but you should include one if the account does not already exist to avoid creating an account with no password.

Global Privileges

Global privileges are administrative or apply to all databases on a given server. To assign global privileges, use ON *.* syntax:

GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON *.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';

Privileges also are assigned at the global level if you use ON * syntax and you have not selected a default database.

The FILE, PROCESS, RELOAD, REPLICATION CLIENT, REPLICATION SLAVE, SHOW DATABASES, SHUTDOWN, and SUPER privileges are administrative and can only be granted globally.

Other privileges can be granted globally or at more specific levels.

Global privileges are stored in the mysql.user table.

Database Privileges

Database privileges apply to all tables in a given database. To assign database-level privileges, use ON db_name.* syntax:

GRANT ALL ON mydb.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON mydb.* TO 'someuser'@'somehost';

Privileges also are assigned at the database level if you use ON * syntax and you have selected a default database.

The CREATE, DROP, and GRANT OPTION privileges can be specified at the database level. Table privileges also can be specified at the database level, in which case they apply to all tables in the database.

Database privileges are stored in the mysql.db and mysql.host tables. GRANT and REVOKE affect the db table, but not the host table, which is rarely used.

Table Privileges

Table privileges apply to all columns in a given table. To assign table-level privileges, use ON db_name.tbl_name syntax:

GRANT ALL ON mydb.mytbl TO 'someuser'@'somehost';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON mydb.mytbl TO 'someuser'@'somehost';

If you specify tbl_name rather than db_name.tbl_name, the statement applies to tbl_name in the default database. An error occurs if there is no default database.

The allowable priv_type values for a table are ALTER, CREATE, DELETE, DROP, GRANT OPTION, INDEX, INSERT, SELECT, and UPDATE.

Table privileges are stored in the mysql.tables_priv table.

Column Privileges

Column privileges apply to single columns in a given table. Each privilege to be granted at the column level must be followed by the column or columns, enclosed within parentheses.

GRANT SELECT (col1), INSERT (col1,col2) ON mydb.mytbl TO 'someuser'@'somehost';

The allowable priv_type values for a column (that is, when you use a column_list clause) are INSERT, SELECT, and UPDATE.

Column privileges are stored in the mysql.columns_priv table.

For the global, database, and table levels, GRANT ALL assigns only the privileges that exist at the level you are granting. For example, if you use GRANT ALL ON db_name.*, that is a database-level statement, so none of the global-only privileges such as FILE are granted.

The privileges for a database, table, or column are formed additively as the logical OR of the privileges at each of the privilege levels. For example, if a user has a global SELECT privilege, the privilege cannot be denied by an absence of the privilege at the database, table, or column level. Details of the privilege-checking procedure are presented in Section 5.5.5, “Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification”.

MySQL enables you to grant privileges even on databases and tables that do not exist. In such cases, the privileges to be granted must include the CREATE privilege. This behavior is by design, and is intended to enable the database administrator to prepare user accounts and privileges for databases and tables that are to be created at a later time.

The user value indicates the MySQL account to which the GRANT statement applies. To accommodate granting rights to users from arbitrary hosts, MySQL supports specifying the user value in the form user_name@host_name. If a user_name or host_name value is legal as an unquoted identifier, you need not quote it. However, quotes are necessary to specify a user_name string containing special characters (such as “-”), or a host_name string containing special characters or wildcard characters (such as “%”); for example, 'test-user'@'%.com'. Quote the user name and host name separately.

You can specify wildcards in the host name. For example, user_name@'%.example.com' applies to user_name for any host in the example.com domain, and user_name@'192.168.1.%' applies to user_name for any host in the 192.168.1 class C subnet.

The simple form user_name is a synonym for user_name@'%'.

MySQL does not support wildcards in user names. To refer to an anonymous user, specify an account with an empty user name with the GRANT statement:

GRANT ALL ON test.* TO ''@'localhost' ...

In this case, any user who connects from the local host with the correct password for the anonymous user will be allowed access, with the privileges associated with the anonymous-user account.

For additional information about user and host values in account names, see Section 5.5.3, “Specifying Account Names”.

To specify quoted values, quote database, table, column, and routine names as identifiers. Quote user names and host names as identifiers or as strings. Quote passwords as strings. For string-quoting and identifier-quoting guidelines, see Section 8.1.1, “Strings”, and Section 8.2, “Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names”.

The “_” and “%” wildcards are allowed when specifying database names in GRANT statements that grant privileges at the global or database levels. This means, for example, that if you want to use a “_” character as part of a database name, you should specify it as “\_” in the GRANT statement, to prevent the user from being able to access additional databases matching the wildcard pattern; for example, GRANT ... ON `foo\_bar`.* TO ....

You can determine whether the preceding warning applies to you by executing the following query, which lists any anonymous users:

SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user WHERE User='';

To avoid the problem just described, delete the local anonymous user account using this statement:

DROP USER ''@'localhost';

GRANT supports host names up to 60 characters long. Database, table, and column names can be up to 64 characters. User names can be up to 16 characters.

In MySQL 3.22.12 or later, if the account named in a GRANT statement does not exist in the mysql.user table, GRANT creates it. If you specify no IDENTIFIED BY clause or provide an empty password, the user has no password. This is very insecure.

When the IDENTIFIED BY clause is present and you have global grant privileges, the password becomes the new password for the account, even if the account exists and already has a password.

MySQL Enterprise.  The MySQL Enterprise Monitor specifically guards against user accounts with no passwords. To find out more, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

REVOKE does not remove mysql.user table entries; you must do that using DROP USER or DELETE.

Passwords can also be set with the SET PASSWORD statement. See Section 12.4.1.4, “SET PASSWORD Syntax”.

In the IDENTIFIED BY clause, the password should be given as the literal password value. It is unnecessary to use the PASSWORD() function as it is for the SET PASSWORD statement. For example:

GRANT ... IDENTIFIED BY 'mypass';

If you do not want to send the password in clear text and you know the hashed value that PASSWORD() would return for the password, you can specify the hashed value preceded by the keyword PASSWORD:

GRANT ...
IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6C8989366EAF75BB670AD8EA7A7FC1176A95CEF4';

The WITH clause is used for several purposes:

The WITH GRANT OPTION clause gives the user the ability to give to other users any privileges the user has at the specified privilege level. You should be careful to whom you give the GRANT OPTION privilege because two users with different privileges may be able to combine privileges!

You cannot grant another user a privilege which you yourself do not have; the GRANT OPTION privilege enables you to assign only those privileges which you yourself possess.

Be aware that when you grant a user the GRANT OPTION privilege at a particular privilege level, any privileges the user possesses (or may be given in the future) at that level can also be granted by that user to other users. Suppose that you grant a user the INSERT privilege on a database. If you then grant the SELECT privilege on the database and specify WITH GRANT OPTION, that user can give to other users not only the SELECT privilege, but also INSERT. If you then grant the UPDATE privilege to the user on the database, the user can grant INSERT, SELECT, and UPDATE.

For a nonadministrative user, you should not grant the ALTER privilege globally or for the mysql database. If you do that, the user can try to subvert the privilege system by renaming tables!

For additional information about security risks associated with particular privileges, see Section 5.5.1, “Privileges Provided by MySQL”.

Several WITH clause options specify limits on use of server resources by an account. The MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR count, MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR count, and MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR count limits were implemented in MySQL 4.0.2. They restrict the number of queries, updates, and connections to the server allowed to this account during any given one-hour period. (Queries for which results are served from the query cache do not count against the MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR limit.) If count is 0 (the default), this means that there is no limitation for the account.

To specify resource limits for an existing user without affecting existing privileges, use GRANT USAGE at the global level (ON *.*) and name the limits to be changed. For example:

GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO ...
  WITH MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR 500 MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR 100;

Limits not specified retain their current values.

For more information on restricting access to server resources, see Section 5.6.4, “Setting Account Resource Limits”.

MySQL can check X509 certificate attributes in addition to the usual authentication that is based on the user name and password. To specify SSL-related options for a MySQL account, use the REQUIRE clause of the GRANT statement. (For background information on the use of SSL with MySQL, see Section 5.6.6, “Using SSL for Secure Connections”.)

There are a number of different possibilities for limiting connection types for a given account:

The SUBJECT, ISSUER, and CIPHER options can be combined in the REQUIRE clause like this:

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* TO 'root'@'localhost'
  IDENTIFIED BY 'goodsecret'
  REQUIRE SUBJECT '/C=EE/ST=Some-State/L=Tallinn/
    O=MySQL demo client certificate/
    CN=Tonu Samuel/Email=tonu@example.com'
  AND ISSUER '/C=FI/ST=Some-State/L=Helsinki/
    O=MySQL Finland AB/CN=Tonu Samuel/Email=tonu@example.com'
  AND CIPHER 'EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA';

The order of the options does not matter, but no option can be specified twice. Starting from MySQL 4.0.4, the AND keyword is optional between REQUIRE options.

If you are using table or column privileges for even one user, the server examines table and column privileges for all users and this slows down MySQL a bit. Similarly, if you limit the number of queries, updates, or connections for any users, the server must monitor these values.

The biggest differences between the standard SQL and MySQL versions of GRANT are: